Investigating the mental health burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in two populations from different socioeconomic levels in São Paulo, Brazil : a qualitative analysis

Abstract

Introduction: Brazil ranks among the top 10 countries regarding infections and deaths of COVID-19, and São Paulo is recognized as the super-spreader city with 85% of transmissions nationwide. The burden of the pandemic in Brazil had strong territorial influence and was higher in most vulnerable populations. This study investigates the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of two populations from regions with different socio-economic levels in São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Qualitative social-empirical approach through two focus groups: group one with upper-middle socioeconomic status and group two with low status. The material was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted the mental health of all participants. Both groups reported heightened levels of fear, anger, anxiety, and stress. Yet notable distinctions were observed: while reports from group one often linked these emotions to feelings of isolation, loneliness, relationship difficulties, and challenges with work or education, reports from group two primarily cited concerns about restrictive measures, including their effects on employment, working conditions, and income. However, it also presented an opportunity for individuals in group one who reported improving their well-being. Conclusion: Territorial and socio-economic factors significantly shaped the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on the mental well-being of São Paulo residents. We encourage investigations at the community level to inform local policies that address specific unmet needs within the community.