Principles and attributes of evidence-based co-creation : from naïve praxis toward a trustworthy methodology - a health CASCADE study

Abstract

Objectives: Co-creation is recognised as a promising methodology for addressing complex public health issues by leveraging the collective intelligence of multiple stakeholders to develop tailored solutions. However, there is a lack of clarity and significant fragmentation in the concept. This study aims to define the fundamental attributes and guiding principles of co-creation to establish it as a rigorous, evidence-based, and trustworthy methodology. Study design: A participatory concept mapping process based on the Differentiae Principle was employed. Methods: The study consisted of four stages: 1) systematic extraction of attributes and their definition from traditional scientific and participatory research methodological literature, 2) screening, 3) semantic analysis and clustering into principles using Natural Language Processing and Large Language Models and 4) selection of a final set of attributes and development of principles. The study involved 50 participants with diverse backgrounds within and outside the Health CASCADE Network over 18 months. Results: The study identified 105 candidate attributes. A set of 38 was selected from which 10 key principles were derived (open access, recognised contribution, ethics and legal, transparency, rigorous evaluation, clear problem, plural evidence, critical reflection, diversity, and structured and flexible processes) across three domains: Governance, Scientific and Methodological Rigour, and Collective Intelligence Processes. Conclusions: The attributes and guiding principles provide a comprehensive foundations for evidence-based co-creation, enhancing its trustworthiness, transparency, reliability, and impact in public health and other fields. Future research and practice should use these principles and attributes to refine and implement co-creation effectively.