Energy needs in sports : position of the working group sports nutrition of the German Nutrition Society (DGE)

Abstract

Athletes expend greater amounts of energy as a result of their training. However, these amounts vary during the competition year and are in-fluenced by such factors as the training period and intensity. Measuring energy expenditure is a complex process that is often achieved through indirect calorimetry. A calculation is possible when certain limitations are taken into consideration. Energy expenditure corresponds to energy re-quirements. Energy requirements should be covered by energy intake ad-apted to individual needs. Low energy intake can lead to reduced energy availability. Low energy availability not only has a negative impact on the bone metabolism and menstrual cycle – there may also be consequences of a hematological, metabolic, psychological, gastrointestinal, and immu-nological nature. This has adverse effects on the performance capacity, training adjustment, concentration and coordination, and can lead to an increased risk of injury. Matching energy intake to energy expenditure is an important cornerstone in the diet of athletes and a significant prerequi-site for maintaining their health and performance